Abstract: OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of treatment of intracranial infection caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and carbapenem-sensitive Enterobacteriaceae (CSE), observe the difference in the direct economic loss, and analyze the influencing factors for the effects of treatment of the intracranial infection. METHODS By means of retrospective survey, the patients with CRE and CSE intracranial infection who were treated in hospitals from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 were enrolled in the study and divided into the CRE group and the CSE group in a 1:1 ratio, with 12 cases in each group. The therapeutic effects and hospitalization costs were observed and compared between the patients with CRE intracranial infection and the patients with CSE intracranial infection, and the influence of the drug resistance and combined use of antibiotics on the therapeutic effects was observed. RESULTS The cure rate of the CRE intracranial infection was 41.67%, the cure rate of the CSE intracranial infection was 91.67%, and there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The medical cost per bed day was 7 008.82 yuan in the CRE group, 2 777.75 yuan in the CSE group, and there was significant difference between the two groups (Z=-2.252,P=0.024). The carbapenems combined with other drugs was the most common combination for the treatment of CRE intracranial infection, with the cure rate 66.67%. The carbapenems monotherapy was dominant among the treatment of the CRE intracranial infection, with the cure rate 91.67%. The intrathecal local injection of antibiotics could not raise the cure rate of the CRE intracranial infection. CONCLUSION The CRE intracranial infection can remarkably increase the economic loss, the clinical therapeutic effect of the CRE is lower than that of the CSE. It is necessary for the hospital to take effective prevention measures.