Abstract: OBJECTIVE To understand the prevalence of nosocomial infection in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), analyze the related factors for the infection, evaluate the targeted surveillance of nosocomial infection in NICU, and explore effective prevention and control measures. METHODS A total of 2 031 neonates who were treated in NICU from Aug 2013 to Apr 2015 were recruited as the study objects, the result of detection of nosocomial infection in the neonates was analyzed, the proportions of nosocomial infection sites were observed, and the incidence of nosocomial infection, utilization rates of ventilators and central catheters, and incidence of device-related infection were compared among the different body mass groups. RESULTS The neonates who had lower respiratory tract infection were dominant, accounting for 40.00%. Of 2 031 neonates who were monitored, 80 had the nosocomial infection, with the infection rate 3.93%. The birth weight of the neonates showed linear correlation with the incidence of nosocomial infection, the lighter the birth weight, the higher the infection rate was; the infection rate was 36.84% in the neonates with the birth weight no more than 1 000g, 11.74% in the neonates with the body weight ranging between 1001 and 1500 g, 3.68% in the neonates with the body weight ranging between 1501 and 2000 g, and 0.65% in the neonates with the body weight more than 2500 g. The utilization rate of ventilators was 17.30%, and the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 2.59%; the utilization rate of central catheters was 9.58%, and the incidence of central catheter-related bloodstream infection was 2.96%. The birth weight of the neonates was linearly correlated with the utilization rate of devices, and the lighter the birth weight, the higher the utilization rate was. The utilization rate of ventilators was 34.78% in the neonates with the body weight no more than 1000 g, 22.27% in the neonates with the body weight ranging between 1001 and 1500 g, 15.20% in the neonates with the body weight ranging between 1501 and 2000 g, and 14.56% in the neonates with the body weight more than 2500 g. The utilization rate of central catheters was 70.65% in the neonates with the body weight no more than 1000 g, 21.34% in the neonates with the body weight ranging between 1001 and 1500 g, 4.88% in the neonates with the body weight ranging between 1501 and 2000 g, and 0.54% in the neonates with the body weight more than 2500 g. CONCLUSION It is necessary to monitor the neonates of NICU, analyze the result of monitoring, understand the prevalence of nosocomial infection in the neonates, observe the canses of the infection, and take the targeted measures so as to reduce the incidence of the nosocomial infection.