Abstract: Abstract The application of antimicrobial agents plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of surgical infections, and it is a great measure to improve the success rate of surgery. But with the widely use of antimicrobials in surgical department, the problems of irrational use of antimicrobial agents are increasingly serious. This article reviewed the related literatures in recent years, introduced the current problems of irrational use of antimicrobial agents in surgical department, the serious economic and social harm, and the severe situation of bacterial drug resistance, and also proposed the countermeasures of irrational use of antimicrobial agents and bacterial drug resistance, in order to improve the attentions of medical workers in antimicrobial agents irrational use and its harm, provide a reference for clinicians to use antimicrobial agents rationally, so as to reduce the harm of antimicrobial agents irrational use.