Abstract: As one of the wards with large amounts of critical patients in hospital, neurosurgery department has high rates of nosocomial infection and drug resistance. Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens leading to nosocomial infection. The serious illness, low immunity, severe trauma at the surgical site, complex pathogens in vivo, frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs, and drug resistance of bacteria are the main risk factors of infection in neurosurgery patients.The risk assessment model can be used to predict the risk of nosocomial infection in neurosurgery department, and the corresponding prevention and control measures can be prospectively taken to reduce the incidence of infection, promote the recovery of patients, and improve the utilization efficiency of medical resources. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the risk assessment of nosocomial infection in neurosurgery department, which requires further exploration.