Abstract: OBJECTIVE To understand the relationship between active screening of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae（CRE） in neurosurgery intensive care unit（NICU） and use of antibiotics.METHODS The positive rates of active screening of CRE, culture results of other specimens and use of antibiotics of the patients who were hospitalized in NICU of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from Sep 1, 2019 to Aug 31, 2020 were statistically analyzed.RESULTS Among 298 patients from whom the anal swab specimens were collected for active screening of CRE, the positive rate of the screening was 24.16%, Klebsiella pneumoniae was dominant, accounting for 93.06%. The positive rate of screening of CRE was 3.70% after admission for no more than 48 hours, 1.42% during Day 3-Day 7, 25.64% during Day 8-Day 15, 39.44% during Day 16 and Day 30, 40.00% after admission for 30 day. The colonization rate of CRE in intestinal tracts of the patients without CRE infection was 13.57%, the colonization rate of CRE in intestinal tracts of the patients with CRE infection was 54.55%, 86.49% of the patients had the colonization within 1 week of infection. The probability of CRE infection was 15.49% among the patients with negative active screening during hospital stay;the probability of CRE infection was 23.08% among the patients with positive screening, 55.56% of the patients had the infection within 1 week after positive screening. 52.17% of the CRE infection patients did not use antibiotics reasonably.CONCLUSION The positive rate of screening of CRE in the anal swab specimens of the patients who are hospitalized for more than one week is higher than that in other specimens; the longer the length of hospital stay, the higher the positive rater of screening is. The patients who are colonized with CRE are more likely to have CRE infection, the patients with CRE infection are more likely to have intestinal colonization of CRE, and most of them have it within 1 week. It is necessary to shorten the length of hospital stay, conduct active screening of CRE for the high-risk patients. The patients with CRE infection should pay attention to the stool contamination, and the clinicians should use antibiotics reasonably.