Abstract: Sepsis often arises as a secondary condition following trauma, burns, infections, shock, and other conditions. Untimely intervention can lead to the progression of sepsis into multi-organ failure and eventual mortality. Sepsis triggers a significant activation of macrophages in the lungs, resulting in the release of a plethora of inflammatory factors that contribute to the development of acute lung injury (ALI). In severe cases, ALI can further advance to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a grave complication associated with sepsis and carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. ALI/ARDS induces diffuse damage to alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, leading to an increase in alveolar capillary permeability and subsequent pulmonary edema. Clinical manifestations of ALI/ARDS include refractory hypoxemia and fatal respiratory failure. Currently, no reliable biomarkers or predictive methods are available for anticipating the occurrence and progression of ALI/ARDS, and supportive treatment is taken as the major clinical treatment approach. This review article aims to summarize the latest advancements in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches for sepsis-associated lung injury.