Abstract: In recent years, the global public health sector has faced significant challenges due to the continuous emergence of novel infectious disease outbreaks, including Avian influenza virus infection, Ebola virus disease, and COVID-19. These epidemics not only threaten human health but also severely impact socioeconomic development worldwide. In response, innovative approaches in prevention and control of infectious diseases have emerged, demonstrating substantial value in practical applications in epidemic prevention and control. These methods play a crucial role in key areas such as dynamic monitoring of epidemic, optimization of prevention and control strategies as well as prediction of epidemic transmission trend, which remarkably enhance the precise prevention and control and boost the capability of rapid response. However, to fully realize their potentials, further integration of these innovative approaches with epidemiological theory is essential to develop a more robust methodological framework that can better adapt to the complexity of infectious diseases prevention and control and the dynamic change.