Abstract: Periodontitis， as a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease， not only causes destruction of periodontal tissues but also impacts systemic health through a complex inflammatory microenvironment. The inflammatory microenvironment consists of various immune cells， inflammatory factors and oxidative stress， with persistent inflammation inhibiting the self-repair and regeneration of periodontal tissues. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of the inflammatory microenvironment in periodontal diseases， analyzing key factors such as the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors， polarization of immune cells and functional inhibition of stem cells within the inflammatory microenvironment. Additionally， it discusses the limitations of current therapeutic strategies and emphasizes the importance of developing novel multidimensional intervention approaches. By enhancing the understanding and regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment， future advancements may improve the success rate of periodontal regeneration and provide more effective treatment plans for patients.