Abstract: Over the past 76 years, China has made tremendous progress in infectious disease prevention and control system, gradually establishing a modern public health system centered on prevention, supported by science and technology, safeguarded by legal systems and guided by collaboration. Since the reform and opening up, immunization programs have been continuously promoted, legal construction has been increasingly improved, and significant breakthroughs have been made in vaccine research and development. Especially since entering the new era, China has demonstrated strong scientific mobilization capabilities and rapid response mechanisms in dealing with H7N9 avian influenza, Ebola, COVID-19 and other outbreaks, forming an infectious disease prevention and control model with Chinese characteristics and gradually transitioning from a "follower" to a "global leader". At the same time, China has also achieved many original results in the mechanism research and clinical translation of chronic infectious diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis B, promoting the realization of the goal of functional cure. This paper reviews the development process, key achievements and challenges faced by infectious disease prevention and control in China over the past 76 years, emphasizing the significance of building an efficient, flexible and sustainable prevention and control system for future global public health security.