Abstract: This case study analyzes the causes of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in a cardiac valve repair patient in July, 2024, summarized issues in diagnosis and treatment, and proposed systematic prevention and improvement measures to reduce the incidence of similar infections in the future. The clinical data of the patient were reviewed, including medical history, laboratory tests, records of catheter usage and replacement and use of antibacterial agents. Based on guidelines and consensus, clinical and etiological diagnoses were made, and infection risk factors were analyzed. A series of infection prevention and control improvement measures were formulated and implemented. Through timely catheter removal, antibacterial agent adjustment and symptomatic supportive treatment, the infection was controlled. Blood culture turned negative, infection indicators and body temperature returned to normal. The patient was finally discharged after recovery. By standardizing catheter insertion, daily maintenance, environmental management and rational use of antibacterial drugs through systematic multi-faceted interventions, the total number of patients with central venous catheter (CVC) (280 case-times in July, 79 case-times in August, 88 case-times in September) and the average CVC indwelling days (15.2 days in July, 9.7 days in August, 8.1 days in September) in the department significantly decreased. By October, 2025, no further catheter-related infections have occurred in the department.