Abstract: Talaromyces marneffei infection is an endemic invasive fungal disease with over 288 000 reported cases globally. It primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, has a high mortality rate, and the incidence rate among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative infected individuals is on the rise. It remains a neglected tropical disease. This article summarizes current research progress on the etiology, pathogenic mechanism, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic advances, treatment options and prognosis of the disease. It aims to deepen clinicians' understanding, clarify current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, provide references for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic assessment, and ultimately help improve patient outcomes.