Abstract: Health economics research on hospital-associated infections (HAI) has primarily focused on the macroeconomic burden of disease at the societal level and evaluated the cost-effectiveness of prevention and control interventions from a public health perspective. With the comprehensive implementation of prepayment medical insurance payment methods, such as diagnosis-related groups (DRG) and diagnosis-intervention packet (DIP), the economic impact of HAI is accelerating its transition from a societal cost issue to an internal financial risk for medical institutions. Currently, as an unintended complication, HAI cannot receive additional compensation under the DRG/DIP payment models due to prolonged hospitalization and increased variable costs, ultimately becoming a key bottleneck that restricts medical institutions from balancing the improvement of medical quality with sustainable operations under limited budgets. This study systematically reviews the research progress in the health hygiene economics of HAI under the reform of medical insurance payment, aiming to provide decision-making basis for managers to optimize resource allocation under budget constraints and achieve the goal of obtaining dual benefits in both health and economic outcomes at a limited cost.